Genes conferring tolerance to ethanol and high temperature for yeasts

ABSTRACT

Methods of identifying genes conferring ethanol tolerance in yeasts, genes that confer ethanol tolerance, and mutant strains used to identify such genes are described. A gene herein designated HpETT1 was isolated from the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. Expression of HpETT1 in an ethanol sensitive mutant H. polymorpha strain designated 7E complimented ethanol sensitivity of the mutant. When multiple copies of the HpETT1 were integrated into the genome and overexpressed, the transformed strain demonstrated approximately 10-fold greater resistance to ethanol and resistance to the protein misfolding agent AZC. Expression of HpETT1 also increased ethanol tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. HpEtt1 has 39% sequence identity to a previously identified protein from S. cerevisiae denoted MPE1, however, the MPE1 gene does not confer ethanol resistance to the 7E mutant. Another gene from the yeast Pichia stipites was identified that encodes an orthologue protein having 37% identity to HpETT1 herein designated PsETT1 and also confers ethanol resistance to the 7E mutant.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/358,876 filed on May 16, 2014, which is a 35 U.S.C. § 371 national phase entry of PCT application No. PCT/US2013/021100 filed Jan. 11, 2013, which claims priority to U.S. provisional application Nos. 61/585,873 and 61/585,917, filed Jan. 12, 2012.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The disclosure relates to genes that confer ethanol tolerance to yeasts used to produce ethanol by fermentation, in particular to increased ethanol tolerance of xylose fermenting strains of H. polymorpha, to ethanol sensitive mutants of H. polymorpha useful to identify ethanol tolerance genes, to ethanol tolerant recombinants of H. polymorpha, and more particularly to genetic sequences from H. polymorpha and P. stipitis herein designated HpETT1 and PsETT1, respectively, that are similar in sequence to the MPE1 gene of S. cerevisiae but that confer increased ethanol tolerance in yeasts including H. polymorpha and S. cerevisiae.

BACKGROUND

The references cited in this Background section and in the Description that follows are to provide a better understanding of the invention described herein after, as a resource for materials and methods that may further enable one to practice the methods and/or obtain the compositions later described herein, and as an abbreviation for such methods. Accordingly each reference cited herein is incorporated by reference to the extent the references provide a teaching that aids in the making and using of the invention later claimed. If there is any conflict in the disclosure provided herein and the cited references, the present disclosure controls over the teaching of the cited reference to the extent they conflict. The citation of a reference anywhere herein is not an admission that such a reference is pertinent to, or prior art to the invention claimed hereafter.

Hansenula polymorpha is a yeast species of both industrial and scientific importance. This non-conventional thermotolerant methylotrophic yeast is one of the best yeast systems for the production of heterologous proteins (Gellissen, 2000; Gellissen, (ed.). 2002; Suckow and Gellissen, 2002), it serves as a model to study peroxisome function (Van der Klei and Veenhuis, 2002), methanol metabolism, nitrate assimilation (Siverio, 2002) and stress responses (Ubiyvovk et al., 2006). H. polymorpha also has potential to be useful in biofuel production by fermentation of lignocellulosic carbon sources because it is able to ferment xylose (Ryabova et al., 2003), and is one of the most thermotolerant of yeast species (Guerra et al., 2005). However H. polymorpha's utility as an organism to produce ethanol by fermentation may be limited because its growth is rather sensitive to ethanol in comparison to other yeasts, such as S. cerevisiae.

SUMMARY

The present inventors recognized that to be useful for commercial applications in biofuel production by fermentation, it would be desirable if the tolerance of H. polymorpha to ethanol could be improved. The discoveries described herein arose from research that focused on identification of target gene(s) for constructing ethanol tolerant strains of H. polymorpha. The inventors created a library collection of insertional mutants of H. polymorpha. From the collection of insertional mutants one transformant (herein designated 7E) was selected that was shown to be highly sensitive to ethanol. From sequencing the insertional cassette in this mutant it was discovered that the insertion disrupted an open reading frame of a gene herein designated HpETT1 (SEQ. ID NO: 1) encoding an unknown protein (SEQ. ID NO: 2) correspondingly designated Ett1. By comparing the amino acid sequence of Ett1 to yeast databases, it was discovered that Ett1 shares about 39% sequence identity with a protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SEQ. ID NO: 5) encoded by the MPE1 gene (SEQ. ID NO: 6). This gene was reported to be an essential yeast gene that encodes a protein that is necessary for in vitro RNA 3′-end processing and is a subunit of the so-called CPF complex (Vo et al., 2001). The MPE1 gene is apparently essential for S. cerevisiae because a S. cerevisiae MPE1 deletion mutant is not viable.

In contrast, the H. polymorpha mutant 7E identified by the inventors remains viable despite having a disruption in a gene that has close ORF similarity to the S. cerevisiae MPE1 gene. Despite its viability on ordinary growth media, as noted above, the 7E mutant is hypersensitive to ethanol. As further demonstrated herein, expression of the undisrupted HpETT1 gene in the 7E mutant successfully complemented the mutant's hypersensitivity to ethanol.

Searching yeast databases revealed another homologous gene, herein designated PsETT 1 , present in the genome of another xylose fermenting yeast Pichia stipitis. The product of PsETT1, PsEtt1, has about 37% amino acid identity to HpEtt1 . The inventors isolated and expressed the PsETT1 gene in the H. polymorpha 7E mutant and demonstrated that like HpETT1, expression of the P. stipitis gene at least partially complemented the H. polymorpha ett1 mutant's hypersensitivity to ethanol.

Still further, it is shown that overexpression of the native HpETT1 gene in H. polymorpha using a multi-copy integrant constructed such as described herein resulted in a transformed strain of H. polymorpha having about a 10-fold increase in tolerance to ethanol relative to the parent strain. More surprisingly still, it is shown that expression of the H. polymorpha HpETT1 gene in S. cerevisiae also conferred a detectable increase in ethanol tolerance in that yeast.

Accordingly, the present teaching presents several useful new aspects. One aspect is a mutant strain of H. polymorpha characterized as being ethanol sensitive and having a mutation that disrupts functional expression of the HpETT1 gene. Another aspect is a method of identifying a gene that confers ethanol tolerance in a yeast strain that includes transforming the H. polymorpha ett1 mutant strain with a vector that expresses a candidate nucleic acid, selecting a transformant that complements the ett1 mutant's sensitivity to ethanol, and identifying the sequence of the candidate nucleic acid to identify the gene that confers ethanol tolerance. Another aspect is an isolated nucleic acid encoding an Ett1 protein, which is characterized as a nucleic acid that when expressed in the ett1 mutant complements the ethanol sensitivity of that mutant. Representative examples of nucleic acids encoding Ett1 proteins are the HpETT1 gene of SEQ.ID NO: 1 that encodes the HpEtt1 protein of SEQ.ID NO:2 and the PsETT1 gene of SEQ. ID NO: 3 that encodes the PsEtt1 protein of SEQ.ID.NO: 4. A related aspect is identification of a new type of protein class designated Ett1 and isolated versions of the same. Still another related aspect is a recombinant nucleic acid comprising a sequence that encodes an Ett1 protein and a promoter that is operable in a selected yeast strain operably configured to express the ETT1 gene in the selected yeast strain. Examples of such vectors are illustrated in FIG. 1 and include p21+ETT1Hp and pGLG61+ETT1Hp each configured to express the H. polymorpha Ett1 protein and p70+ETT1Pst that is configured to express a P. stipitis Ett1 protein. These vectors have promoters selected to be particularly operable in H. polymorpha. Another example is prPGK1Sc+ETT1Hp which are configured to express the HpETT1 gene in S. cerevisiae.

Another important aspect is yeast strains having enhanced ethanol tolerance that can be produced by overexpressing an Ett1 protein in the yeast strain. The yeast strain with increased ethanol tolerance can be a H. polymorpha strain, a S. cerevisiae strain or a P. stipitis strain comprising a recombinant nucleic acid that overexpresses at least one of the Ett1 proteins from H. polymorpha or P. stipitis. Exemplary embodiments of such strains include H. polymorpha strains 7E-GAPDHETT1Pst, 7E-GAPDHETT1Hp, and 3Leu+pETT1-10 and S. cerevisiae strain BY4742+prPGK1Sc+ETT1Hp.

It should be noted that initially the nomenclature for the vectors, genes, proteins and strains used in the materials and methods section had the root term “MPE1”, followed by a suffix for the organism from which the gene was obtained, i.e., Hp for H. polymorpha, Pst for P. stipitis, and Sc, for S. cerevisiae. This nomenclature was originally used because after searching yeast databases for sequences that were similar to the gene disrupted in the H. polymorpha 7E mutant, it was discovered that the closest known sequence was the S. cerevisiae MPE1 gene, therefore the closest similar sequences from P. stipitis and H. polymorpha were originally given the same name. However, it being now discovered that the S. cerevisiae MPE1 gene does not complement the ethanol sensitivity of the H. polymorpha 7E mutant, while the similar sequences from H. polymorpha and P. stipitis, do complement the mutation, it is more appropriate to refer to the H. polymorpha and P. stipitis genes as a new type of ethanol tolerance genes denominated herein with the suffix “ETT1.” Accordingly, the vectors initially denominated as p21+MPE1Hp and pGLG61+MPE1Hp or p70+MPE1 Pst were renamed as p21+HpETT1 and pGLG61+HpETT1 and p70+PsETT1. Only the S. cerevisiae gene is referred to strictly as MPE1.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1a shows schematic representations of vectors described herein. This Figure shows a H. polymorpha expression vector.

FIG. 1b also shows schematic representations of vectors described herein. This Figure also shows a H. polymorpha expression vector.

FIG. 1c shows the construct used for expressing the H. polymorpha HpETT1 gene.

FIG. 2 also shows schematic representations of vectors described herein. 2 a and 2 b show the constructs for expressing the S. cerevisiae MPE1 gene and the P. stipites PsETT1 gene in H. polymorpha, respectively. 2 c shows a vector for multicopy integration of the HpETT 1 gene in H. polymorpha.

FIG. 3a depicts solid media density assays showing ethanol sensitivity for the HpETT1 mutant H polymorpha strain 7E (1) in comparison to non-mutant strains 3Leu⁺ (2) and parental strain NCYC495leu1-1 (3). This panel illustrates the densities after overnight growth at 37° C. of cells initially plated at the indicated optical densities on YNB media plus 2% sucrose with the indicated percentage of ethanol.

FIG. 3B illustrates the densities after overnight growth on YNB media in the presence of 1% ethanol.

FIG. 4 illustrates a genomic integrant and probe for identification of plasmid chromosomal integrant.

FIG. 5 illustrates a Southern blot for assaying copy number of integrants 7E, N1 and N2.

FIG. 6 shows a sequence comparison between the H. polymorpha HpEtt1 protein (Hp), S. cerevisiae Mpe1 protein (Sc), P. stipitis PsEtt1 protein (Ps) and the consensus sequences between them.

FIG. 7 depicts a solid media density assay showing complementation of the H. polymorpha 7E mutation by expression of the HpETT1 and PsETT1 genes but not the S. cerevisiae MPE1 gene. The upper panel shows growth on YPD medium alone and the lower panel shows growth on the same plus 7% ethanol. The strains are: (1) the H. polymorpha 7E mutant parental strain; (2) the 3Leu⁺ control; (3) the 7E transformant designated 7E GAPDHMPE1Sc transformed with the S. cerevisiae MPE1 gene; (4) the 7E transformant designated 7E-GAPDHETT1Pst transformed with the P. sapiles ETT1 gene; and (5) the 7E transformant designated 7E-pETT1HP-1 transformed with the H. polymorpha ETT1 gene.

FIG. 8 depicts a solid media density assay showing enhanced ethanol tolerance in the strain 3Leu+pETT1-10 overexpressing the HpETT1 gene. The 3Leu+pETT1-10 strain was obtained by transformation of 3Leu+ strain with the multicopy integration vector pGLG61+ETT1HP. The upper panel shows growth on YPS media alone and the lower panel shows growth on the same plus 7% ethanol The strains are: (1) the 7E mutant; (2) the 3Leu⁺ control parent strain; and (3) the 3Leu⁺pETT1-10 strain, which is the control parent transformed with multiple copies of the H. polymorpha pETT1 gene.

FIG. 9 is a graph showing enhanced ethanol tolerance in growth characteristics of strain 31eu⁺pETT1-10 overexpressing the HpETT1 gene in H. polymorpha (dotted lines) in comparison to the control strain 3Leu⁺ (solid lines) when grown in YPD medium lacking ethanol.

FIG. 10 is a graph showing enhanced ethanol tolerance in growth characteristics of strain 3leu⁺pETT1-10 overexpressing the HpETT1 gene in H. polymorpha (dotted lines) in comparison to the control strain 3Leu⁺ (solid lines) when grown in YPD medium containing 6% ethanol.

FIG. 11 is a graph showing ethanol sensitivity of the 7E mutant (dotted lines) and enhanced ethanol tolerance in growth characteristics of strain 3Leu⁺pETT1-10 (dashed lines) overexpressing the HpETT1 gene in H. polymorpha in comparison to the control parent strain 31eu⁺ (solid lines) on YPS medium alone.

FIG. 12 is a graph showing ethanol sensitivity of the 7E mutant (dotted lines) and enhanced ethanol tolerance in growth characteristics of strain 3Leu⁺pETT1-10 (dashed lines) overexpressing the HpETT1 gene in H. polymorpha in comparison to the control parent strain 3leu⁺ (solid lines) on YPS medium containing 7% ethanol.

FIG. 13 shows increased stress tolerance in the 3Leu⁺pETT1-10 (3) strain overexpressing the HpETT1 gene by growth on solid media with and without ethanol or the stress inducing agent AZC in comparison to the parent control strain 3eu⁺ (2) and the mutant strain 7E strain (1).

FIG. 14 is a graph depicting temperature sensitivity of the H. polymorpha 7E mutant (dashed line) in comparison with its parental strain 3leu⁺ (solid line).

FIG. 15 is a graph showing improved growth characteristics of the strain 3Leu⁺pETT1-10 overexpressing the HpETT1 gene (dashed line) when grown in YNB media using 2% xylose as the carbon source at 50° C. in comparison to the 7E mutant (dotted line) and the parental strain 3leu⁺ (solid line).

FIG. 16 depicts a solid media density assay showing increased ethanol tolerance in at least two S. cerevisiae strains (4 and 5) expressing the HpETT1 gene from H. polymorpha. Strain 1 is the control strain carrying only the S. cerevisiae plasmid vector Yep352, and strains 2-6 were separate isolates of transformants with that vector but carrying the H. polymorpha HpETT1 gene under control of a S. cerevisiae promoter. The upper panel is the control growth media (YNB plus sucrose, leu, lys and his) the lower panel is the same further containing 6% ethanol.

FIG. 17 depicts a solid media density assay showing increased heat shock tolerance of the 3Leu⁺pETT1-10 strain of H. polymorpha overexpressing the HpETT1 gene (3) in comparison to the parental control 3leu+ (2) and the strain MPE1Sc, which is 3Leu+ transformed with a vector to overexpress the S. cerevisiae MPE1 protein, when grown at 37° C. or heat shocked at 56° C. for 15 min prior to plating.

FIG. 18 shows a 12% SDS PAGE result demonstrating isolation of the HpEtt1 protein (arrow) after overexpression in E. coli using a his-tagged expression vector. Lane assignments: 1, protein ladder; 2, total soluble proteins before column; 3 soluble protein flow through; 4-9 fractions subsequently eluted from column.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Definitions

Certain common or newly introduced terms that have been used herein are believed to be commonly understood to those of ordinary skilled in the art, or would be commonly understood in view of the present disclosure. Such commonly understood meanings are embraced herein, however, to resolve any questions of clarity that may be asserted by use of certain terms, the following non-limiting definitions are provided to assist in better understanding the present invention.

A sibling strain, is one strain of microorganism that is of the same species as another strain although not necessarily of the same genotype.

A parental strain, is a strain of microorganism that has the same genetic background as a derivative strain of the same microorganism, except for alterations that have been made in the derivative strain.

An ett1 mutant strain, is a strain of H. polymorpha, exemplified herein by H. polymorpha 7E, having a mutation that disrupts the expression of the gene identified herein as HpETT1 and which shows sensitivity to growth on ethanol in comparison to a sibling or parental H. polymorpha strain lacking the mutation.

An ETT1 gene is a gene from any source that encodes a protein (Ett1 protein) that when expressed in an ett1 mutant strain, at least partially overcomes the ethanol sensitive growth properties of the mutant strain.

A HpETT1 gene is a nucleic acid obtained from a strain of H. polymorpha that encodes an Ett1 protein, exemplified herein by SEQ. ID NO 1 for the gene and SEQ. ID NO 2 for the protein (HpEtt1 protein).

A PsETT1 gene is a nucleic acid obtained from a strain of P. stipitis that encodes an Ett1 protein, exemplified herein by SEQ. ID NO 3 for the gene and SEQ. ID NO 4 for the protein (PsEtt1 protein).

Overexpress, means to genetically express a nucleic acid encoding an ORF in a transformed host cell to a greater agree than the same nucleic acid is expressed in a non-transformed parent of the host cell under similar growth conditions.

Increased ethanol sensitivity or ethanol sensitive growth means that that when ethanol is present in a growth medium, a subject strain grows at a slower rate, to a lower density, or otherwise with decreased vigor in comparison to a sibling strain of the same organism grown on the same media.

Enhanced ethanol tolerance means that when ethanol is present in a growth medium, a subject strain grows at a faster rate, to a greater density, or otherwise with increased vigor in comparison to a sibling strain of the same organism grown on the same media.

Materials and Methods Used to Make Exemplary Embodiments

Strains and Growth Condition.

The yeast strains disclosed herein are listed in Table 1. The H. polymorpha NCYC495 leu1-1 strain was used as a recipient for insertional mutagenesis and was maintained on minimal medium containing 0.67% YNB (Difco, Detroit, Mich., USA) supplemented with 2% sucrose and leucine at 40 mg L⁻¹ at 37° C. H. polymorpha 7E was selected as an insertional mutant of H. polymorpha NCYC495 leu1-1 strain that is unable to grow on YPS medium (0.5% yeast extract, 1% peptone and 2% sucrose) supplemented with 7% ethanol.

The H. polymorpha CBS4732s strain (Lahtchev et al., 2002) was used as a source of the HpETT1 gene. The strain was maintained on YPD medium (0.5% yeast extract, 1% peptone and 2% glucose) at 37° C.

The Pichia stipitis strain CBS6054 (Yang et al., 1994) was used as the source of the P. stipitis PsETT1 gene, which is an orthologue of HpETT1. S. cerevisiae strain BY4742 (Brachmann et al., 1998) was used as the source for the S. cerevisiae MPE1 gene.

The 3Leu+ strain (Ishchuk et al., 2008) was used as a recipient strain for HpETT 1 overexpression in H. polymorpha.

Yeast transformants were selected either on YNB medium with 2% sucrose or on YPS medium (0.5% yeast extract, 1% peptone and 2% sucrose) supplemented with geneticin at 1 g L⁻¹ or zeocin at 140 mg L⁻¹.

The Escherichia coli strain DH5α[Φ80dlacZΔM15, recA1, endA1, gyrA96, thi-1 hsdR17 (r_(K) ⁻, m_(K) ⁺), supE44, relA1, deoR, Δ(lacZYA-argF) U169] was used in experiments which required a bacterial host. The bacterial strain was grown at 37° C. in the rich (LB) medium as described in Sambrook et al., 1989. Transformed E. coli cells were maintained on a medium containing 100 mg L⁻¹ of ampicillin.

TABLE 1 Yeast strains used in this study Strain Description Reference H. polymorpha: leu2 Gleeson and Sudbery, NCYC495 1988 leu1-1 7E NCYC495 leu1-1 insertional this study mutant, leucine prototroph CBS4732s leu2 Lahtchev et al., 2002 3Leu+ NCYC495 leu1-1 derivative, Ishchuk et al., 2008 leucine prototroph P. stipitis wild-type Yang et al., 1994 CBS6054 S. cerevisiae MATα his3_1 leu2_0 Brachmann et al., BY4742 lys2_0 ura3_0 1998

Construction of Plasmids

Two integrative plasmid vectors p21 and p70 (FIG. 1a , FIG. 1b ) were constructed for use as the H. polymorpha integration and expression cassette. Each plasmid contains the strong H. polymorpha constitutive promoter for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GAPDH) and the terminator of alcohol oxidase (AOX). The plasmids p21 and p70 are the derivatives of p19L2 (Voronovsky et al., 2002) and differ only slightly in the restriction sites available for cloning of the subject gene to be expressed.

Based on the initial discovery that the H. polymorpha 7E insertional mutant contained an interruption of a gene having an open reading frame with about 39% identity with the S. cerevisiae MPE1 gene we sought to obtain the natural H. polymorpha homologue of MPE1. The resulting construct was plasmid p21+ETT1Hp (FIG. 1c ) which is based on the p21 plasmid cassette (FIG. 1a ). The genomic DNA isolated from H. polymorpha CBS4732s strain served as a template to obtain theMPE1 homologue herein designated HpETT1, which was obtained by amplification of the genomic DNA containing the open reading frame using the primers

IS202 (SEQ. ID NO: 7) (5′-CGGAATTCCATATGGCTGTCATATACTATAAGTTC-3′) and IS203 (SEQ. ID NO: 8) (5′-TTTATAATGCGGCCGCTCACTTTTGATTATTGGTCG-3′). The PCR fragment was treated with restriction endonucleases NdeI and NotI at the underlined restriction sites and cloned into NdeI/NotI-linearized plasmid p21.

The genes homologous to HpETT1 were isolated from S. cerevisiae and P. stipitis and subcloned into the p70 expression cassette (FIG. 1b ) resulting in the constructs p70+MPE1Sc and p70+ETT1Pst (FIG. 2a , FIG. 2b ). The genomic DNA isolated from S. cerevisiae BY4742 and P. stipitis CBS6054 served as templates to amplify the open reading frames of S. cerevisiae MPE1 and PsETT1 geneS. For S. cerevisiae MPE1 the ORF primer pairs used were: IS249 (5′-CCCAAGCTTATGAGTAGCACGATATTTTAC-3′) (SEQ. ID NO: 9) and IS250 (5′-ATCAAGCTTTCATTTCTTAGGGCTTGCGTC-3′) (SEQ. ID NO: 10) for P. stipitis, the ORF primer pair used were: IS212 (5′-CTCAAGCTTATGTCGTCAGTCGTCTACTATAAG-3′) (SEQ. ID NO: 11) and IS213 (5′-GGGAAGCTTCTAATTCTTCTTCTGGTTATTGAC-3′) (SEQ. ID NO: 12). The corresponding PCR fragments were treated with endonuclease HindIII at the underlined restriction site and cloned into HindIII-linearized plasmid p70.

Another plasmid for expression of the HpETT1 gene constructed was pGLG61+ETT1Hp (FIG. 2f ), which is a derivative of plasmid vector pGLG61 (Sohn et al., 1999). The pGLG61 vector promotes multi-copy-number integration of plasmid tandem repeats into the genome. The H. polymorpha HpETT1 gene was amplified from the genomic DNA of H. polymorpha CBS4732s strain using primer pair: IS206 (5′-ACGGAGCTCGGTAGATTAGTAAAGGAAATC-3′) (SEQ. ID NO: 13) and IS207 (5′-TATGAGCTCTAGTGATCGTTAAAGGTGACC-3′) (SEQ. ID NO: 14). The PCR fragment was treated with restriction endonuclease SacI at the underlined restriction site and ligated with 4.97 kb SacI-fragment of pGLG61.

Molecular Biology Techniques

Plasmid DNA isolations from E. coli were carried out by using NucleoSpin® Plasmid QuickPure (Macherey-Nagel, Germany). Taq DNA polymerase and Vent_(R)® DNA polymerase (both New England Biolabs, USA) were used for analytical and preparative PCR, respectively. T4 DNA ligase, T4 DNA polymerase and restriction enzymes were purchased from Fermentas, Lithuania.

Preparations of total DNA from yeast species were carried out by using DNeasy® Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Germany).

Transformation of H. polymorpha was performed by electroporation as described previously (Faber et al., 1994).

Southern blotting analysis was performed using the Amersham ECL Direct Nucleic Acid Labelling and Detection System (GE Healthcare, USA).

Recombinant Proteins

The HpEtt1 protein encoded by the HpETT1 gene of H. polymorpha with a sequence of 373 amino acids was expressed as His₆ fusion peptide after being cloned into pET-32-ac (+) (Novagen). The recombinant polypeptide was produced in E. coli BL21(DE3) and purified on nickel-nitriloacetic acid agarose (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Illustrative Results

Isolation of H. polymorpha 7E Mutant

The parental H. polymorpha NCYC495 leu1-1 strain tolerates ethanol concentrations in the medium up to 7-8%. However, insertional mutant 7E was selected among H. polymorpha NCYC495 leu1-1 insertional transformants as a one unable to grow on the YNB medium supplemented with 7% ethanol. For this purpose the p19L2 plasmid (Voronovsky et al., 2002) linearized with BamHI was used as an insertional cassette. Leu+ transformants were replica-plated on the ethanol supplemented medium and screened for the growtH. Among 200 transformants only one was unable to grow on the 7% ethanol (designated 7E). The 7E mutant proved to be approximately 300-500 times more sensitive to ethanol compared to the control parental strain (3Leu+ transformant) (FIG. 3A). Unlike the recipient strain, the 7E mutant does not tolerate the stress ethanol concentration, but it does grow on the 1% ethanol as a sole carbon source (FIG. 3B) meaning it lacks any defects in ethanol utilization but is sensitive to ethanol concentrations at stress levels.

Plasmid p19L2 carries the LEU2 gene of S. cerevisiae and when it is used to transform a H. polymorpha strain, 1 to a few copies of the plasmid might be integrated into the genome of H. polymorpha. For this reason the copy number of the insertional cassette in the genome of 7E mutant was estimated. The genomic DNA of the 7E mutant and a few other randomly selected Leu⁺ transformants were treated with HindIII and probed with an ECL-labeled PCR fragment carrying the S. cerevisiae LEU2 gene. There is no HindIII site within LEU2 gene so one Southern blotting signal corresponds to one p19L2 copy in the genome (FIG. 3B). It was shown that the 7E mutant carried only one copy of insertional cassette integrated into the genome whereas transformants N1 and N2 gave 3 signals corresponding to 3 plasmids copies being integrated.

The 7E Insertional Mutant of H. polymorpha has a Disrupted Gene Homologous to the S. cerevisiae MPE1 Gene

The genomic region flanking the insertional cassette in the 7E mutant was sequenced. It was shown that the plasmid disrupted the H. polymorpha open reading frame having 39% identity to protein (SEQ. ID NO: 6) encoded by the S. cerevisiae MPE1 gene (SEQ. ID NO: 5) which is annotated as coding an essential component of a cleavage and polyadenylation factor required for cleavage and polyadenylation of mRNA (Vo et al., 2001). A sequence comparison (FIG. 4) for sequences similar to the to S. cerevisiae MPE1 gene motifs identified by Vo et al., 2001 revealed that the H. polymorpha MPE1 like ORF (i.e., the HpETT1 gene) contains a zinc knuckle-like motif (CX₂CX₅HX₄C) between amino acids 168 and 182; a cysteine-rich B domain resembling RING finger between amino acids 266 and 319; and a region from amino acids 4 and 79 with high homology to the so called “A domain” identified in the S. cerevisiae homologue (FIG. 4) The insertional cassette in the 7E mutant disrupted the H. polymorpha HpETT1 gene by integration at a position 671 bp downstream of the start codon.

Not S. cerevisiae but P. stipitis ETT1 Gene Complement the ett1 Mutation in H. Polymorpha.

To study the functional complementation of ett1 mutation of H. polymorpha two heterologous homologues were chosen: the S. cerevisiae MPE1 gene and the gene from P. stipitis (another xylose fermenting yeast species) herein designated PsETT1. The putative product of PsETT1 discovered to have about 37% amino acid identity with the HpEtt1 protein. The effect of expressing these heterlogous genes was compared with the expression of the H. polymorpha HpETT1 gene a as a control. For this purpose the 7E mutant was transformed with plasmids p70+MPE1Sc, p70+ETT1Pst and pGLG61+ETT1Hp (FIGS. 1.1-1.2). There it was shown that S. cerevisiae MPE1 gene did not restore the growth on the medium supplemented with 7% ethanol (FIG. 5). On the other hand, expression of the P. stipitis PsETT1 gene in the 7E mutant resulted in partial restoration of ethanol tolerance. The corresponding transformant 7E-GAPDHETT1Pst could grow on the medium with 7% ethanol although the growth was poor compared to those of the 3Leu+ and 7E-pETT1Hp-1 strains (FIG. 5). These data demonstrate that the genes of H. polymorpha and P. stipitis that are homologues of the MPE1 gene of S. cerevisiae are involved in ethanol tolerance. Accordingly the H. polymorpha and P. stipitis genes are hereby given the suffix designation “ETT1” for ethanol tolerance to distinguish them from MPE1 of S. cerevisiae. Another distinction is that expression of the S. cerevisiae MPE1 gene in S. cerevisiae is essential because a S. cerevisiae mutant in that gene is not viable, whereas in contrast, the H. polymorpha ett1 7E mutant isolated in herein is viable, although highly sensitive to exogenous ethanol.

Although the HpETT1 gene appears to be not essential for growth for H. polymorpha, the presence of RNA-binding zinc knuckle domain in the HpETT1 gene suggest a possible involvement in RNA maturation, which may be one of the processes negatively affected by ethanol exposure in this and other organisms.

Construction of H. polymorpha Strain Overexpressing Native HpETT1 Gene.

The H. polymorpha 3Leu+ strain (Ishchuk et al., 2008) was transformed with plasmid vector pGLG61+ETT1Hp (FIG. 1f ) for overexpressing the HpETT1 gene in H. polymorpha. Being a pGLG61 (Sohn et al., 1999) derivative the corresponding plasmid vector contains the telomeric sequence and the bacterial aminoglycoside 3-phosphotransferase (APH, genetecin resistance) gene. This vector promotes multicopy integration of plasmid tandem repeats into the genome (Sohn et al., 1999). The collection of geneticin resistant transformants was screened for improved ethanol resistance. The ethanol resistance varied among the transformants. This could be explained by different copy number of the plasmid integrated into the genome. The transformant 3Leu+pETT1-10 proved to be approximately 10-fold more tolerant to exogenous ethanol compared to the recipient parent strain 3Leu+ (FIG. 6). The copy number of the HpETT1 gene in the transformant was estimated by Southern blotting (FIG. 3B). Comparing the intensity of the signal to the 3Leu+ strain which contains only one copy of the HpETT1 gene, it was determined that the 3Leu+pETT1-10 transformant carries approximately 6-7 copies in its genome.

The H. polymorpha HpETT1 Multicopy Integrant has Improved Growth on the Medium with Ethanol.

Tolerance of H. polymorpha strains to ethanol was measured as the viability in the presence of ethanol in liquid YPD/YPS media. In the media without ethanol there was no difference between strains growth (FIG. 7A, FIG. 8A). The 3Leu+pETT1-10 transformant had improved growth on both 6% and 7% ethanol media (FIG. 7B, FIG. 8B). At cultivation time of 48 and 72 hours the growth density of the multicopy HpETT1 integrant was 2-fold higher than the 3Leu+ strain in the 6% ethanol medial. Under conditions of cultivation in 7% ethanol medium (FIG. 8B) a difference in growth rate and density was observed within the first day of incubation and was 3.4 times higher for the 3Leu+pETT1-10 transformant compared to the parent recipient strain 3Leu+. However, during prolonged cultivation (48, 72 and 96 hours) all strains exhibited a decline in growth, although the growth kinetics of the HpETT1 multicopy integrant was observably better throughout the cultivation period. As noted before, the 7E mutant which is hypersensitive to ethanol, showed impaired growth on the 7% ethanol medium.

The H. polymorpha ETT1 Multi-Copy Integrant is Resistant to Other Kinds of Stress.

The 3Leu+pETT1-10 transformant is also more resistant to the proline analogue 2-azetidine carboxylic acid, AZC (FIG. 9) than the parent recipient strain. AZC is incorporated into proteins competitively with proline and results in protein misfolding (Lane et al., 1971; Zagari et al., 1990), and this compound is known to induce the expression of heat-shock proteins. Thus the effect of AZC treatment is a stress response that resembles that of heat-shock (Trotter et al., 2002). This likely explains why the 7E mutant does not grow well at 50° C. compared to the 3Leu+ parent strain (FIG. 10, FIG. 11). Further evidence that the product of the HpETT1 is related to a heat shock response is that the 3Leu+pETT1-10 transformant that overexpresses HpETT1 displays slightly improved growth at 50° C. comparing to the 3Leu+strain (FIG. 11) and is more tolerant to heat-shock (FIG. 13).

Overexpression of the H. polymorpha HpETT1 Gene in S. cerevisiae Increases Ethanol Tolerance.

The H. polymorpha HpETT1 gene was cloned into a yeast expression vector under control of the S. cerevisiae PGK1 promoter. Two transformants showed slightly increased growth on ethanol media (FIG. 12). As with the case of expression in H. polymorpha increased ethanol tolerance will likely be observed when S. cerevisiae is transformed with the expression vector in high-copy number.

Purification of H. polymorpha HpEtt1 Protein.

The H. polymorpha HpEtt1 protein was overexpressed in bacteria as his tagged fusion protein, then isolated and partially purified as shown in the SDS polyacrylamide gel depicted in FIG. 14.

Discussion.

The S. cerevisiae Mpe1 protein was previously characterized as an essential evolutionary conserved protein participating in cleavage and polyadenylation of mRNA (Vo et al., 2001). The present disclosure demonstrates that an orthologue present in H. polymorpha that shares 39% sequence identity with the S. cerevisiae Mpe1 protein, which is herein designated HpEtt1 is involved in ethanol resistance and high temperature resistance in H. polymorpha and also confers a detectable increase in ethanol resistance when expressed in S. cerevisiae. Unlike its S. cerevisiae orthologue, the HpETT1 gene is not necessary for cell viability. The ability to functionally complement the H. polymorpha 7E mutant was used as a method to isolate another Ett1 like protein PsEtt1 from another xylose fermenting yeast. P. stipitis. The PsEtt1 protein shares about 37% amino acid Identity with the HpEtt1. Despite having similar sequence identity at 39% to the S. cerevisiae homologue MPE1, expression of the S. cerevisiae protein in the H. polymorpha 7E mutant, which lacks a functional HpETT1 gene did not restore the growth on 7% ethanol. In spite of being evolutionary conserved, Ett1 p of H. polymorpha as well as other xylose fermenting yeast species P. stipitis participate in ethanol resistance. It is noted that the sequence of the H. polymorpha HpETT1 contains several motifs (FIG. 4) recognized in the S. cerevisiae gene to be involved in mRNA maturation (i.e., an RNA-binding zinc knuckle domain) (Vo et al., 2001). The question about involving the H. polymorpha HpETT1 gene in mRNA maturation remains unclarified pending experimental evaluation.

The results described herein show that H. polymorpha ethanol tolerance could be substantially improved by introducing multiple copies of native ETT1 gene into the genome. The strain constructed in the present disclosure is a recombinant strain carrying 6-7 copies of ETT1 gene and has 10-fold higher resistance towards exogenous ethanol and improved growth kinetics in the ethanol media. Moreover, the corresponding multicopy integrant (3Leu+pETT1-10) proved to be more resistant to the protein misfolding reagent, AZC. The 7E mutant is unable to grow at 50 ° C., which is upper temperature limit to H. polymorpha (Guerra et al., 2005). Ethanol and temperature stresses cause some similar effects, particularly block of mature mRNA export from the nucleus and subsequently the accumulation of bulk poly (A)⁺ mRNA in this cell compartment (Tani et al., 1995; Saavedra et al., 1996; Krebber et al., 1999). The defects in processes of mRNA maturation also cause the accumulation of bulk poly (A)⁺ mRNA in the nucleus (Brodsky and Silver, 2000; Jensen et al., 2001). So it may be supposed that H. polymorpha Ett1Hp being a RNA-binding protein could influence the mRNA maturation under ethanol stress and high temperature but not under optimal growth conditions.

Strain NRRL Y-50838, was deposited under the terms of the Budapest Treaty on Apr. 3, 2013. The deposit was made to, and accepted by, the United Stated Department of Agriculture Research Service—National Center for Agriculture Utilization Research (USDA-ARS-NCAUR), 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Ill. 61604-3999.

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The invention claimed is:
 1. A yeast transformed with an isolated nucleic acid comprising a promoter operably configured to overexpress a nucleic acid encoding at least one of a H. polymorpha ett1 protein according to SEQ. ID NO: 2 and a P. stipitis ett1 protein according to SEQ. ID NO: 4, wherein said transformed yeast exhibits greater tolerance to ethanol than a parent yeast that is otherwise identical but not transformed with said isolated nucleic acid.
 2. The yeast of claim 1 wherein the yeast is selected from the group consisting of H. polymorpha and S. cerevisiae.
 3. The yeast of claim 1 wherein said isolated nucleic acid is integrated in multiple copies into the genome of the yeast.
 4. A method of making ethanol comprising growing the yeast of claim 1 in a medium under conditions selected to produce ethanol.
 5. A strain of H. polymorpha that has a mutation in the ETT1 gene encoding a protein according to SEQ. ID NO: 2 wherein said mutation results in sensitivity to growth on medium containing ethanol in comparison to a parent strain of H. polymorpha that lacks such a mutation.
 6. The strain of claim 5 designated 7E on deposit as NRRL Y-50838. 